Historical memory and collective memory are one of the most important components of cultural capital, which reflect the lifestyle, worldview, and civilizational roots of a nation as a plaque and birth certificate, and their protection requires sensitivity of policymakers that the mentioned cultural heritage and it is the basis for the formation of social and national identity. Preservation, strengthening and restoration of memory or collective memory, which is manifested in the form of memory politics, has gained double importance in the modern world, because citizens who are exposed to the cultural components of other societies through mass media, If they are not familiar with the culture of their land, they will inevitably borrow the values and symbols of other cultures. This article, while reviewing the existing theoretical literature about cultural capital and memory policy and its importance for national security, examines some of the traumatic trends in the field of memories and traditions of the Holy Defense on a case-by-case basis and suggests strategies for optimal policy making.

The current article compares the memory of various generations of Mirzakuchak Khan in Guilan province. This study applies the present-day approach and the theory of social memory frames. The residents of Fouman, Shaft, Talesh Astara and their sub-regions form the statistical population. A total of 76 samples were selected based on saturation and the method of theoretical sampling, data collected by fieldwork and investigated by using an unstructured interview approach. The findings illustrated that generation as a social frame impacts Mirza’ s place in forming the collective memory of people in Guilan. The memory of Mirza in the first generation is concrete, scattered or a separated combination of oral narratives of relatives and locals. The second generation recalled Mirza with historical realities, due to use of official media and oral narratives from local communities. The memory of Mirza in the third generation, was represented vaguely and inefficient under the influence of the national media, Movies and TV shows due to the lack of information resources. Beside issue of generation, religiosity was another effective social frame affecting the collective memory in this research. Many people pointed that founding a religious system was one of the purpose of his uprising.

“, Narrative”,and “, narration”,appear to be inseparable parts of the human psychosocial life, to the extent that it can even be mentioned that human being seems to be indefinable and inconceivable without this component and its twin component, namely “, time”, . The present manuscript is an attempt to understand how the mechanism of narration works, with regard to the concept of collective memory and specifically the silent historical objects in the elderly. Such an effort may help to “, understand”,such a mechanism and, to its maximum extent possible, open the door to the subject matter. Of course, this launching can be opened directly or indirectly, and as a dilatory goal, to the subsequent studies of or empathetic therapeutic proceedings for the elderly, in the field of reminiscence therapy. The nature of this manuscript demands theoretical allusions and the conceptual composition of those allusions, and therefore an essential part of its body will be based on such a basis. To concretely configure the story of this manuscript, the narrative world of the 82-to 84-year-olds from Kermanshah, Iran have been selected as the experimental domain of study. The central object of their childhood collective memory was set on the settlement of some Polish migrants in Kermanshah during the presence of the allied, that is, when they were between seven and eight years old. Having conducted a semi-structured interview with them, there was compiled the way of imprinting the elements of that central object in their “, world of perception”,and the parade of the overt and covert elements of that central object in their narrative system. Besides, based on theoretical concepts, an attempt has been made to provide a concrete discussion.

The relationship between collective memory and identification process is an important subject because every society identifies and introduces itself to others by its collective memory, and without it the realization of every community would be impossible. Collective memory secures the persistence and survival of identity bearers including nations, and prevents its disillution and death. Collective memory prevents from forgetting of past and relates it to the present and future. This function could be implemented by constructive narration of the past for present and future generations. The most significant point should be pointed out is that the collective memory as an identification project is a product of human agency and is inspired by those involved in the meaning-making process during times and is narrated properly. The collective memory involves in the political process of identification and as substances used for justification and legitimization for beliefs, attitudes and needs of the present. This function is accomplished through objectivization and crystallization of collective memory by creation of memory sites such as memorials and other forms of mnemonic practices and reputational enterprises.

Today, interdisciplinary studies have found an important place in the literature of architectural studies. One of the new concepts in the field of historiography and social sciences is “ collective memory. ” This concept was first discussed in detail by Maurice Halbwachs and later described and interpreted by other scholars in various scientific fields. Collective memories are events experienced by individuals in a social framework and in interaction with the group. The reminder of these memories occurs using the mechanism of association of meanings and through objects, individuals, places and similar experiences, and in other words, collective memory means a shared memory with a group or society. The collective memory has differences and similarities with history and is tied to the concepts of identity and social belonging, and also has a connection to the concept of place. Although the experience of a place occurs individually, the shared experiences resulting from social categories and individual characteristics resulting from these categories ultimately lead to the receiving, storage and recording of these receives within the framework of shared social memories. In this article, by recognizing the different aspects of the concept of collective memory and its relationship with different areas of architectural studies, the quality of its use in architectural studies is examined, and some resources for this study are suggested. Accordingly, different texts have been explored by the interpretive method of study and by logical reasoning, and the relationship between this concept and different fields of study has been proposed. This concept can be used in various stages of architectural studies such as studying religious buildings, creating memories in places, designing monumental spaces and studying the design of urban spaces. The relationship between this concept and architecture can be searched through sources such as written, visual, and oral sources. Informal written sources are more honest and reliable in understanding collective memories related to architecture, and examining them critically can open valuable windows to understanding collective memories. Oral mediators of memories are also valuable resources that are somewhat immune to deliberate distortion. These oral sources can include the collective memories of ordinary people, technicians and builders of architectural works, the words of other witnesses and users of works, and the like. Collective memories can also be studied as an important and valuable part of the place and architectural works. The presence of collective memories in cities strengthens the sense of identity and belonging to the city. Collective memories are the main aspect of the study in some architectural works such as monuments. The continuity of life in religious buildings is closely related to the preservation and strengthening of collective memories, and also the life of public spaces and the extent to which people belong to them are correlated with the presence and continuity of collective memories. Different aspects of this concept can be identified and applied in different areas of architectural study. Collective memories at different stages of the development of human societies are recorded and stored in various sources. These sources can assist the researcher in such a study.

This study aims to explore the collective memory of generations of the Iran-Iraq war as a social fact in the contemporary Iranian society. Generation, as a social framework, affects a variety of people’ s memories of the event of war. Therefore, to conceptualize the collective memory of war we studied the possible configurations of war among different age groups. In this regard, we based the study on theoretical concept of collective memory and raised questions about the essence and construction of collective memory of generations of war. To answer these questions, by adopting a qualitative method, 38 people were interviewed through deep and semi-structured interviews by means of purposeful and theoretical sampling. Collected data were analyzed by the method of thematic coding in the background of grounded theory research. The results of the analysis show that there are different configurations of the collective memory of war among different generations. In addition to the historical context of each generation, the encounters of individuals and groups with the hegemonic order and dominant ideology in society are contribute to the formation of these collective memories.

The politics of memory is a prominent topic in cultural and media studies. From a political perspective, memory is one of the fields of identity conflicts. Identity competitions, in recent years, have led to the formation of identity gaps among some people in the society. In the last century, the media have played an intermediary role for the transfer of memory, so that today some have used the interpretation that the media is memory. Therefore, the intersection between memory studies and media studies is considered a popular research field. This article studies the different dimensions of memory narration in the intersection with the media. One of the functions of the media in the field of memory is the reconstruction of collective and individual memory. This article shows that the transmission of collective memory is, essentially, a media practice today. For this purpose, the theory of mediaization has been used to show what characteristics mediaization has given to collective memory. To achieve this goal, we selected 30 articles and with using the Meta-synthesis method, we showed what trends and macro-components are followed by memory and media studies. According to the findings of the current research, the studies of mediated memory at the global level focus on four main and frequent categories: 1. Objectification of memory using media (genres of mediated memory and digitization), 2. Referentiality and concreteness of the memory narrative (opening up for problems and emotional impact), 3. Individual and social functions of memory narration (collective recall and individual framing), and 4. The political-psychological nature of the memory narrative (counter-narratives and familiar mental pattern).

There are two approaches for simulating memory as well as learning in artificial intelligence; the functionalistic approach and the cognitive approach. The necessary condition to put the second approach into account is to provide a model of brain activity that contains a quite good congruence with observational facts such as mistakes and forgotten experiences. Given that human memory has a solid core that includes the components of our identity, our family and our hometown, the major and determinative events of our lives, and the countless repeated and accepted facts of our culture, the more we go to the peripheral spots the data becomes flimsier and more easily exposed to oblivion. It was essential to propose a model in which the topographical differences are quite distinguishable. In our proposed model, we have translated this topographical situation into quantities, which are attributed to the nodes. The result is an edge-weighted graph with mass-based values on the nodes which demonstrates the importance of each atomic proposition, as a truth, for an intelligent being. Furthermore, it dynamically develops and modifies, and in successive phases, it changes the mass of the nodes and weight of the edges depending on gathered inputs from the environment.

City as a special kind of social life structure has been the focus of many scholars and thinkers. To interpret some of them, this structure comes through a time-place continuum which provides identity reproduction. Communities as town texture and physical- social reality can have continuation in the particular time and place condition and local identity is created from the process of actions, affiliations and social cohesion in the communal boundaries.Tehran, metropolitan, which in recent years involved with numerous issues. By Tehran centralization, many people to take advantage of the increasing share of the facilities in Tehran depart to this city, and city has confronted with crisis in preserving the collective memory and identity crisis in the communities. Hence, this research in a descriptive - analytic study reviewed the collective memory and local identity theories, and researcher with qualitative methods collected data (25 interviews) in 2 communities and the results have been obtained. This research is going on with the review of important factors on identity and weakening and strengthening of collective memory, identity search production and reproduction of the local identity.

The present paper is an attempt to find out whether collective memory is a paradigmatic or nonparadigmatic field of study. Therefore, while introducing the collective memory field of study as a new approach in the social sciences, attempts have been made to offer a systematic assessment of the weak and strong points of the theoretical and practical approaches that have been employed in this field. In this regard, Ritzer’s paradigm theory has been used as a theoretical framework. Hence, in the first place, the available literature related to collective memory studies and the four constituting components of a paradigm, i. e. (exemplar, image of the subject matter, theories and methods) were reviewed. In the next step, the hypothesis of some scholars who argue that this field of study is nonparadigmatic were assessed. Then, a new formulation of the theoretical developments, methodological strategies and challenges that this field faces in its progress was presented. Finally, concomitant with these challenges, some suggestions have been made to face the said challenges in order to maximize the theoretical cohesion of the collective memory studies.